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Why are people moving?

84%Livelihood no longer dependable

82%Lack of job opportunities at source

47%Lower wages at source

17%Earn wages to pay back loans

12%Migrated for marriage purpose

9%Disaster event at source

8%Long-term change in weather

7%Land related Conflict at source locations

Why are migrants choosing certain destination locations?

Finding better job opportunities

91%

Finding better wages

74%

Proximity to home / village

40%

Better educational opportunities

17%

For marriage purpose

13%

Joining other family members

13%

Better healthcare services

10%

Greater freedom within destination

What duration are migrants moving for?

Short-term / temporary migrant (every year for one or more months)

56%

Migrated temporarily once but don’t plan to migrate again

18%

Permanent migrant

16%

Migrate some years for one or more months

Long-term migrant (one or more years)

What livelihoods do migrants belong to at source locations?

76%

Animal husbandry

72%

Agricultural labourers

59%

Farmers

22%

Construction workers

Cement factory worker

others

44%

Construction workers

34%

others

19%

Cement factory worker

17%

Domestic workers

13%

Steel plant worker

11%

factory Worker

Other manufacturing factory workers

brick klin worker

What extreme weather events are migrants facing at source locations?

74%

Drought

55%

Increasing heat

48%

Flooding

47%

Increased unpredictability of weather / seasons

33%

Wildfires

32%

Landslides / mudslides

30%

Increasing cold

23%

Excess rain

21%

Water pollution

Riverbank erosion

Others

57%

Flooding

53%

Increased unpredictability of weather / seasons

50%

Increasing heat

45%

Water pollution

43%

Increasing cold

32%

Drought

29%

Excess rain

26%

Landslides / mudslides

11%

Wildfires

11%

Riverbank erosion

11%

Others

What livelihood impacts are migrants facing as a result of extreme weather at source locations?

71% Crop loss

70% Wage loss

56% Wage cut

28% Animal loss

6% Work related asset loss

10% Job loss

What household impacts are migrants facing as a result of extreme weather events at source locations?

85%Food Insecurity

47%Loss of household assets

47%Health related issues

36%Limited or damaged access to water or sanitation

33%Transportation routes in / out of village damaged / slowed

16%Communication methods slowed or lost

15%Communication methods slowed or lost

6%House was Damage

What household impacts are migrants facing as a result of extreme weather events at destination locations?

74%Food Insecurity

48%Loss of household assets

46%Health related issues

39%Loss of household assets

32%Transportation routes in / out of migrant location damaged / slowed

21%Children removed from school temporarily

20%Decreased remittances that were sent to village

15% Lost access to health services

13%Communication methods slowed or lost

7%Injury of family member(s) or other health impacts due to weather event(s)

7%House damaged

5%Children removed from school permanently

How are migrants coping with these livelihood and household impacts due to extreme weather at source locations?

88%

Support from family and friends

45%

Loan from informal sources such as moneylenders

42%

Loan from formal institutions such as banks

40%

Used savings

13%

Reduced number of meals

Additional family members took on jobs locally

Migration

87%

Support from family and friends

46%

Loan from informal sources such as moneylenders

39%

Loan from formal institutions such as banks

36%

Used savings

Additional family members took on jobs locally

Found additional work at the destination

What external support is available to migrants during/after these extreme weather events at source locations?

70%

No assistance received

15%

Finding an alternate job

Skilling courses by employer

Support from government

69%

No assistance received

16%

Finding an alternate job

15%

Emergency relief from CSOs/CBOs

Skilling courses by employer

Healthcare services support

PCI empowers community-led organizations across South and Southeast Asia. PCI promotes initiatives that work deeply – and at scale – on the ground and leverage this to change systems.

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India

Nepal

Indonesia

Philippines

Bangladesh

Sample surveyed in Bagmati